The Thing with Feathers
Is it a bird or a haunting memory? Wells Tower tracks an uncertain resurrection of the ivory-billed woodpecker in the big woods of Arkansas.
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If you were the last bird of your species, looking for a comfortable place to evade extinction, the view flying over northern Monroe County, Arkansas, would probably not tempt you to touch down. Youd see abandoned trailer homes with saplings growing through their windows; asbestos-shingle shacks with discarded cars and appliances sinking into their lawns; rice fields sectioned into rectangular ponds like the plastic lagoons in a TV-dinner tray; and huge, insectile central-pivot irrigators patrolling oceans of soil where thousand-year-old cypress trees once stood.
Yet Bayou de Viewa spit of hardwood jungle here at the uppermost tip of Arkansass 550,000-acre Big Woods, smack-dab between Little Rock and Memphisis where the worlds rarest avis, the ivory-billed woodpecker, has reemerged more than half a century after ornithological authorities pronounced it dead. Seen from above, Bayou de View looks about as primeval as a planter of ficus trees at a shopping mall. Below the treetops, though, the terrain looks less like eastern Arkansas and more like rural Mordor. The water, which is the color of beef au jus, flows in labyrinthine meanders boiling with toothy gar and cottonmouths as stout as a mans wrist. The forest is an endless gray weft of cypress and tupelo trunks that reduces the vista to nil. In the warmer months, when the trees havent yet molted, trying to spot an ivorybill back here is roughly as rewarding as tracking a dust mite through the worlds largest shag carpet.
Damn close to pointless, said Gene Sparling, gently adrift in a kayak south of Bayou de View late last May, when I first met him. It was the 50-year-old Sparlingan amused, stoic Arkansan with blunt, sun-cured featureswho first sighted one of the supposedly long-gone ivorybills, a red-crested male with lustrous black wings trailing a signature fringe of white, while on a solo pleasure cruise through the Big Woods in February 2004. (The embattled beauty of the place, a well-known birding destination, regularly drew him from his home in Hot Springs.) By mid-March, the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and the Nature Conservancy, along with Sparling and other key players, had launched the top-secret Inventory Project. Sparling, a lifelong amateur naturalist who never attended college, was tapped to co-direct the subsequent quest for the bird, a 14-month, 100-person sub-rosa stakeout in the swamp.
Here I am, a dumb, son-of-a-bitch hick from rural Arkansas, helping manage one of the most phenomenal conservation stories of the last 200 years, working with the most outstanding ornithologists on Planet Earth, said Sparling, whose name, with 16 others, appeared on the April 28, 2005, ivorybill announcement, which appeared on the journal 釦釵勳梗紳釵梗s Web site prior to publication in the June 3 issuea distinction most ornithologists would trade a finger for. Its pretty cool.
Within four weeks of identifying the unextinct bird, Sparling had shuttered his stable, where hed been running a horseback-riding business, and turned his attention to ivorybill stalking full-time. But the first long spate of concerted searching didnt exactly yield jaw-dropping results. Twenty-three thousand hours in the swamp turned up a mere six solid sightings, a few recordings of birdcalls and trees being bludgeoned, and a video: four blurry seconds of piebald wings flapping through the gloom, the hardest evidence going of the birds revival. Evidence means a photograph or, in this case, a crappy video with extensive analysis, says the videos author, David Luneau, a birder and technology professor at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock. To certify that the footage shows an ivory-billed and not a pileated woodpecker, its closest look-alike, a battery of experts at Cornell subjected the footage to pixel-by-pixel scrutiny, concluding that, based on the birds inordinate size and the broad trailing band of white on its wingsa pileated bears a lean white swoosh in the center of its otherwise black wingsLuneaus camera had indeed captured the genuine article.
Two dozen autonomous audio recorders, strapped to trees throughout the woods, logged a little over two years worth of tape. Back at the Cornell Lab, in Ithaca, New York, a group of luckless people used pattern-recognition software to audition the recordings eight hours a day, ears pricked for the ivorybills nasal, warbling tin-trumpet call (kent, kent, kent) and the distinctive report of the bird tearing a tree trunk a new one. The mind-numbing work ultimately paid off, though. In July 2005, when a trio of rival scientists threatened to mount a challenge to the findings, the audio captures convinced the skeptics. Two months later, the Arkansas Audubon Societys Bird Records Committee amended the ivorybills official status from extirpated to present.
Here I am, a dumb, son-of-a-bitch hick from rural Arkansas, helping manage one of the most phenomenal conservation stories of the last 200 years, working with the most outstanding ornithologists on Planet Earth, said Sparling
But two years after the rediscovery, the searching has yet to turn up signs of a breeding population or video evidence that doesnt require a team of Ph.D.s to decipher. In the continuing quest to locate a remnant population of a bird that once flourished in the ancient forests that spanned the southern lowlands from North Carolina down to Florida and across to Texas, Ivorybill Search Team Two took to the Big Woods this winter. But its an errand less reminiscent of the freewheeling adventures of John James Audubon than the nihilism of Samuel Beckett.
Waiting for the Ivorybill, says Tim Gallagher, editor of Cornells Living Bird magazine and author of 2005s woodpecker-quest narrative The Grail Bird. It gets old pretty quick.
Despite the possibility of fameat least among an unglamorous ghetto of bird enthusiastsand the more slender chance of getting rich off your story, spotting an ivorybill has not always been something you would wish upon yourself. For decades, claiming to have seen one could get you lumped in with folks who swaddle their heads in tinfoil to ward off mind-control rays beamed from outer space. George Lowery, a professor of zoology at Louisiana State University, showed up at a 1971 ornithological conference with ivorybill snapshots supposedly taken in Louisianas Atchafalaya Basin. His colleagues dismissed them as photos of stuffed specimens nailed to trees. In 1999, David Kulivan, an LSU undergraduate, professed to have seen a pair of ivorybills near Louisianas Pearl River on April Fools Day, but later searches (one of which relied on an animal psychic) turned up nothing. Doubters assailed Kulivans credibility, and, weary of the ordeal, he clammed up.
But when that very first bird banked in front of Gene Sparlings kayak on February 11, 2004, he knew exactly what hed seen. I was familiar with the legend of the ivorybill, says Sparling, who speaks with a richly seasoned raconteurial drawl. As a young man, I fantasized at great length of traveling to the Big Thicket, in Texas, finding a lost colony of ivorybills, and photographing them. Even so, he says, his jubilation at seeing the bird was marbled with pure terror. A wayfaring, neo-beatnik entrepreneur whose r矇;sum矇; includes a failed Baja whale-watching concern and an abandoned shiitake mushroom operation, Sparling was wary of a public drubbing: I thought, Oh, shit. Here I am, a guy with no education, no formal training, saying hed seen an ivorybill. I expected everybody to say, Sparling, you idiot, you moron, youre delusional.
So Sparling didnt shout the news so much as mumble it, posting an obliquely phrased description of the sighting on the Arkansas Canoe Clubs online message board. His report eventually came to the attention of two veteran ivorybill searchers: Bobby Harrison, a humanities professor at Alabamas Oakwood College, and Tim Gallagher, of Cornell. Working together, theyd spent the two previous years investigating ivorybill encounters throughout the Southeast. Two weeks after Sparlings run-in with the woodpecker, they were in Arkansas, and Sparling guided them out into the swamp. On February 27, the second day of the trip, a large black-and-white bird with a vivid band of white on its wings sortied past their canoe.
We both yelled, Ivorybill!says Gallagher. Scared the hell out of the bird. We jumped out and sank to our knees in mud, scrambling over logs and branches, on the verge of cardiac arrest. Bobby, whos kind of a big redneck, just sat down and started sobbing. The birds appearance was too brief for either man to get it on film. They spent another three days in the swamp before heading home empty-handed. I was in shock, says Gallagher. I went back to Ithaca looking like a ghost. John Fitzpatrick, director of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, said I looked so bad, he thought I was going to tell him I had an incurable disease.
Though Gallagher and Harrison had urged Sparling to keep the sighting under wraps until theyd gotten hard proof, Sparling felt he had to alert the Nature Conservancys Arkansas chapter, which had been working to preserve the Big Woods since the mid-eighties. With the greatest respect to Cornell, I couldnt see leaving the discovery exclusively in the hands of people from New Yorkand not telling the key people in Arkansas whod helped preserve the habitat where the bird was found, he says.
Soon the Cornell Lab and TNC scrambled their combined forces. In short order, they raised $1 million to help fund the search and took out a $10 million no-interest loan from an anonymous donor and put it toward reclaiming nearby farmlands to expand the birds potential habitat. Cornell dispatched members of its crack birding team, the Sapsuckers. The mission was deeply classified; no one breathed a word to the press. To avoid suspicion from the locals, who were sure to cast a curious eye at out-of-towners prowling the woods without duck boots and shotguns, the searchersbetween cold, wet vigils in the dense sliver of swamplandwould spend the next year crashing at an unluxurious ranch house that had come with some of the newly acquired land.
Of all the environmental horrors wrought by our destruction of the great forests of the South, the near-annihilation of the ivorybill is one of the most egregious. The largest woodpecker in North America, it stands just shy of two feet tall, talon to crest, with a three-foot wingspan and a sturdy white dagger of beak. The male wears a backswept vermilion crest radiating all the iconic power of a shark fin, and bolts of white plumage zigzag up its neck, as if poised to skewer its baleful golden eyes. The ivorybills nickname is the Lord God Bird. Its difficult, according to those whod know, to behold the creature without being seized by the urge to roar, Lord God, what a bird!
Over the years, the creatures splendor has gotten it into trouble. Even before Columbus, Native Americans killed ivorybills in quantity, using the birds vibrant feathers to jazz up their personal plumage. According to Phillip Hoose, author of 2004s The Race to Save the Lord God Bird, Indians also carried around little sachets of crushed ivorybill heads, hoping it might help them poke holes in their enemies. In the early 19th century, frontier tchotchke hawkers sold ivorybill heads as souvenirs. Before cameras, ornithologists didnt simply watch birds; they shot them. So a speciess fondest admirers could be among its greatest threats. (In 1820, Audubon himself killed three and used them as models for one of his paintings, which shows the birds gang-harassing a black beetle.) Collectors paid top dollar for stuffed ivorybills; one Victorian naturalist cherished the birds so highly that he accumulated 61 specimens in his private inventory. Hungry backwoods philistines simply ate them.
According to one account, though, ivorybills didnt surrender without a fight. In 1809, Scottish ornithologist Alexander Wilson shot one in a North Carolina swamp but only grazed it, to his later regret. He brought the wounded bird back to his hotel room, where it chiseled a 15-inch hole in the wall. He then tied it to a mahogany table, which it quickly pecked to chips. When Wilson tried to restrain it, he was gored bloodily and repeatedly. The bird expired after three days on hunger strike.
The ivory-billed woodpeckers Latin title is Campephilus principalis, which translates approximately to number-one caterpillar aficionado. The birds fussy dietbeetles and grubs that dwell deep in the subdermis of ailing old-growth treesdepends on huge forests with enough old trees to support a healthy population of wood-boring insects. But in the aftermath of the Civil War, southern forests, their inhabitants be damned, suffered the most brutal massacre ever inflicted on an American wetland ecosystem, disappearing in the advance of metastasizing railroads, satisfying the nations surging appetite for lumber and clear-cut farmland. Timber companies scalped mammoth tractssome bought for as little as 12 cents an acreand milled the ancient trees into wood for house frames, ammunition crates, automobile chassis, and coffins. Many of the bottomland forests in the upper South were razed entirely. Logging firms descended like locusts on the Big Woods, which once spanned 24 million contiguous acres across seven states. When the sawdust cleared, only 4.4 million scattered acres of habitat remained.
In the thirties, Cornell ornithologist James Tanner discovered 13 ivorybills in one of the last remaining islands of habitat, known as the Singer Tract, an 81,000-acre forest in northeastern Louisiana that the Singer company had been slowly turning into cabinets for its sewing machines. But in 1937, Singer sold the forest to the Chicago Mill and Lumber Company, which resisted conservationists entreaties and destroyed the woods. In 1944, illustrator Don Eckelberry sketched a solitary female ivorybill roosting in an ash tree on the edge of the ruins. 窪蹋勛圖厙 of rumors and unconfirmed reports, the bird would not be positively identified by another person until Gene Sparling came along.
When the searchers finally revealed to the world, in April 2005, that the ivorybill had risen from the ashes, it touched off a media frenzy the likes of which the birding world had never seen. Every news organ from CNN to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch trumpeted the sighting. It hit the front page and editorial section of The New York Times; 60 Minutes sent a crew to the swamp; and NPR aired so many stories on the woodpecker, it seemed to have been adopted as the network mascot.
What fueled the furor was the ecstatic sensation that, for once, nature had pardoned our trespasses against it and returned to us a marvel we had tried our damnedest to destroy. After years of depressing portents of annihilated species, of ice caps in retreat, of the Kyoto Protocol ignored, of levee-bound rivers hurling our coastal wetlands out to sea, our mental picture of the future had begun to look like an endless desert with a single lonely speciesour owntreading the sands. The ivorybill allowed us to savor the rare hope that the damage dealt our planet is not so wholly irreparable as weve feared.
One evening last May, I sat with Ron Rohrbaugh, Cornells director of ivorybill research, on the edge of the swamp, pondering the woodpeckers resurrection. That this bird squeezed through this bottleneck of time and habitat devastationto think it made it through all that time . . . Here Rohrbaugh trailed off, and his eyes grew red and moist. Its just . . . miraculous.
And the woodpeckers odds in Arkansas are getting better, not worse. Since February 2004, the Nature Conservancy, with help from partners, has acquired or optioned more than 18,500 acres of potential habitat, with designs on a total of 200,000 acres in the next decade, half of which are to be reforested.
At the moment, no part of the forest is off-limits to the public, though access to 5,000 acres around Bayou de View is strictly managed by U.S. Fish and Wildlife, which issues a handful of area permits each day. Duck hunters are welcomed. It may seem a bewildering policy to allow people to discharge shotguns within range of the worlds rarest bird, but the folks at Cornell and TNC are quick to point out that the ivorybill wouldnt have survived if duck hunters, starting back in the thirties, hadnt led the fight to preserve the habitat, financing the state and federal purchase of 300,000 Big Woods acres and, via a six-year legal showdown in the seventies, preventing the Army Corps of Engineers from draining the swamp.
If a nest should turn up, the ivorybill effort will probably close off a half-mile cordon around the tree and maintain a cautious watch. But so far, no nest has revealed itself. Nor can the searchers say with any certainty that theyve laid eyes on more than one bird; all positive sightings where sex could be determined have been of a male. (And, of course, he may have been the last of his kind, an omega man doomed to disappear beneath the bayous coffee-colored waters.) So, right now, anything but watching and waiting is out of the question.
Until we know weve got a viable population, captive breeding would be way too risky, says Rohrbaugh. After all, the measuring and weighing of a wild California condor chick in 1980 stressed the animal enough to kill it, and no one is eager to go down in history as the person whose well-intentioned bungling accidentally murdered the last of the ivorybills.
Its also possible that the birds gene pool has withered so drastically that the remaining individuals are too severely inbred for long-term survival. But people like Tim Gallagher cling to a faith that the ivorybill will endure. Take the whooping crane, he says, which by the forties had dwindled to 15 creatures, and the condor, which bottomed out at just 22 wild birds in 1983; both species are now reproducing well, if only after millions upon millions of dollars spent resuscitating them. Gallagher believes the ivorybill may also still lurk in swamps in Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida: Its hard to say how many are out there, but Im certain we didnt run into the last one in the world.
Though the big woodpecker may be hard to come by out in the swamp, you can find thousands of them 15 minutes east of Bayou de View, in Brinkley, where the bird appears on billboards, commemorative platters, mobiles, key rings, and T-shirts advertised on roadside marquees along with cut-rate suitcases of beer.
Its oddly fortunate, for both the bird and its environs, that the ivorybill resurfaced in one of the poorest places in America. Locally, hopes run high that it could help reverse the fortunes of the long-downtrodden Delta towns via an influx of ecotourism dollars. And plummeting prices for soybeans, cotton, and rice have allowed the Nature Conservancy to snap up disused cropland at bargain-basement prices.
Emblems of a desperate hope for the birds revival, and the money sure to follow, fairly overwhelm Brinkley (pop. 3,567) these days. The towns main drag now hosts the Ivory Billed Inn; the Ivory-Bill Nest, a gewgaw shop; a hair salon specializing in woodpecker haircuts (black and white finger paint slathered onto the forescalp and sides of the head, finished with a gelled red crest up top); and Genes Barbecue, where the menu includes the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker Burger, Salad, and Hot Fudge Brownie.
One day last spring, I stopped in on the mayor, Billy Clay, whose head was topped with an immaculate polygon of silver hair. The saddest day in Brinkley is graduation, because we spend all that money putting them through school, then all the kids move on, he said, adding that, like the rest of the towns citizens, he was praying that the ivorybill might help deliver the place from destitution, though the riches werent yet flooding in.
Fifteen miles south, Clarendon (pop. 1,859) was holding its annual Big Woods Birding Festival, a sort of miniature carnival nucleating around avian motifs. According to the advance press, the star of the show, the absent-in-flesh-only ivorybill, was to be improbably feted with, among other things, something called a mini-lawnmower tractor pull, a fishing derby, and, apropos of crackpot obsessions and contested extinctions, a performance by an Elvis impersonator.
Clarendon sits on the White River, the Big Woods main aquatic artery. Ambient conditions there approximated those at an open-air shvitz, and the atmosphere was suffused with the thick, diarrheal odor of decaying vegetable matter, courtesy of a sawmill on the outskirts of town. The aroma mingled now and again with sweet, grease-scented siroccos of funnel-cake smell drifting up from an undersized midway a few blocks down. TNCs Jay Harrod was walking along Main Street, inspecting the rear bumpers of parked cars. I was looking for out-of-state tags, he said. There dont seem to be any. Far-flung ivorybill seekers, aware that there was little hope in finding the refuges most elusive inhabitant while the trees were green, had mostly stayed home.
Children wailed and brawled inside a huffing Moonwalk. Three bullish policemen stood fingering the butts of their revolvers, as though expecting a riot to erupt any minute. On the far side of the courthouse lawn, a couple from the Little Rock Zoo gave a presentation on birds of prey. The woman wore a tropical-print visor and narrated through a treble-heavy public-address system while her husband, a man with a head of frizzy red hair that looked like a disguise, milled through the crowd with a turkey vulture named Gomez perched on his forearm, which was gloved in a sort of talon-proof mukluk. The woman described how the vultures defecate on their legs to keep cooland deter predators with impossibly noxious vomit. A man eating a barbecue sandwich turned ashen and stopped chewing. He looked up at the vulture, back at the sandwich, then resumed miserably.
I ran into Gene Sparling, who was on his way to give a presentation on the ivorybill at the American Legion Hall. Id heard about a catfish fry happening later that night, and I asked if he was going. He said hed be there but reminded me that we had a swamp-patrolling date scheduled for the crack of dawn, which I pointed out was going to cramp our style at the open bar.
I know it, Sparling replied. I was hoping Id be able to get dead drunk and pass out somewhere. Then, seeming to remember his new status as a respectable member of the ornithological community, he quickly added, Just kidding. Havent done that in years. Itd probably kill me.
The couple from the zoo departed, and the imitation Elvis took the stage. A teenager stood looking on, nodding along with G.I. Blues and eating a dilute snow cone the color of boiled shrimp. Strapped to his feet were what appeared to be a pair of owls, his costume, he explained, for an upcoming performance of a tribal dance. I asked if he hoped to find the ivorybill.
I heard they already found em, he said. They got a bunch of em locked up.
Who do? I asked.
I dont know, he said.
Ive never been an avid watcher of birds, but after my fruitless trip to Arkansas I began suffering from a spell of ivorybill mania myself. During idle moments driving or sitting at home in North Carolina, I caught myself scanning the sky and nearby trees. At the public library one afternoon, I saw a yellow-bellied sapsucker hammering a pine outside. I stood up and yelled, Hey, a woodpecker!
Midsummer, I got hold of Gene Sparling, and we planned a weeklong kayak trip in the autumn, when the leaves would be off the trees and the media swarm would have thinnedand when I might have a shot at getting a glimpse, maybe even a photograph, of the phantom bird. The morning of our trip, I breakfasted at Genes Barbecue with Sparling. We were joined by Nancy DeLamar and Scott Simon, of the Nature Conservancy. Simon, the state director, talked about TNCs local land acquisitions, which he said had been going well. The organization had just closed on an additional 5,000 acres, and earlier in the week theyd penned a $10 million state, federal, and private commitment for new conservation easements. But if we had more money, wed do more, he said.
When the plates were cleared, Sparling and I headed to Bayou de View. Sparling had spent his summer on the public-relations circuit, wooing donors for TNCs habitat-expansion efforts and reciting the tale of his sighting for a relentless battery of media. Its good to get away from all that confusion, he told me.
We drove past fields of cotton, which still had downy microcumuli clinging to their brittle branches, remnants of the autumn harvest. Where the farmland ended, the Big Woods rose in a gray-green mantle. Crossing the bridge over the bayou, Sparling slowed his truck, panning his gaze through the sky above the road. As many times as Ive been over this bridge, he said, I do always keep my eyes peeled when I drive through. (In fact, a Fish and Wildlife employee had supposedly seen the bird there a few days earlier, though he hadnt spotted enough of the field marksbill, plumage, etc.for the sighting to constitute big news.)
What fueled the furor was the ecstatic sensation that, for once, nature had pardoned our trespasses against it and returned to us a marvel we had tried our damnedest to destroy.
Sparling parked on a gravel landing and we began hoisting the kayaks off the rack of his truck. A pair of search-team members emerged from the forest, carrying a canoe. One wore a Sherpa hat and a five-oclock shadow. The other was dressed as a shrub, in a camo jacket bristling with little leaflike tatters.
Seeing anything, gentlemen? Sparling asked.
Nope, said the man in the Sherpa hat. Theyd been out there erecting tree blinds in which the searchers were assigned to perch for eight cold hours a day.
A Ford F-150 with Montana plates rattled down to the landing. A small fleet of kayaks was belted to the roof. A middle-aged man got out and ambled over to us. He had big aviator shades and an air of highway loneliness about him.
What are you guys looking for? he asked, noting my camera, which was outfitted with a zoom lens the size of a soup thermos.
Take a wild guess, Sparling said. He and Sparling exchanged introductions, and the man raised his eyes and rocked back on his heels.
The number-one spotter, the man said. I thought it might be you.
Sparling shifted somewhat uncomfortably, and he asked the guy what he did for a living back in Montana.
Which career? Which life? the man said. Now mostly Im just a vagabond bum, looking to do kayaking and birdwatching full-time.
Sparling said, A man after my own heart; its a wonderful life.
We slid our boats into the bayou. Paddling away, Sparling cast a sympathetic glance back at the nomadic birder. I feel bad for these guys who drive all the way across the country to try to see this bird, he said. Id like to tell em I spent a year out here and didnt see a damn thing. Couldve saved him the trip.
Sparling glided out into the silty water, threading his way through the cypress maze. A few minutes in, I saw a bird, a flash of white vivid against the tree trunks. Gene! I said.
Kingfisher, he said, without bothering to look. To be honest, he added, I have somewhat let go of the need to see the bird again myself. Seeing its not nearly as important as restoring the habitat. If we give him a place to live, he can take care of himself. It doesnt matter whether we know where he is or not.
The fall had been dry in Arkansas, and the water in the swamp was low. The vandals of the forest, beavers, had dammed the channel every few hundred yards, and we had to vault strenuously over their blockades, breathing in the spicy stink of their musk.
The bayou broadened into an oblong black lake, and Sparling suddenly got quiet, watching a black confetti of crows tumbling above the tree line about 150 yards away. Hold on, he said. The bird was seen right here, getting mobbed by crows, and these guys are sure as hell chasing something. But the crows veered out of sight. Their cawing faded and the only sound in the swamp was the conch-shell moan of Interstate 40, which the woodpecker(s) had almost certainly crossed to be seen up this way. Sparling shook his head at the thought of it. Its amazing: Here youve got whats probably the rarest bird in the world, regularly flying over I-40. He shrugged and paddled on. Sure hope hes flying high.
Farther down, we pulled out into a shallow canyon of trees where the forest had been cleared to accommodate a long, stolid parade of telephone poles. The sun was throwing a platinum glow on the dark water, and the trees blurred and shimmered with reflected, dying light. Dusk was coming on, and whatever birds were out there would soon be heading home to roost. I shipped my paddle, my boat turning idly in the autumn wind like the needle on a compass. And then something caught my eye, a far-off flare of red, white, and black. I raised my camera, nearly dropping it in my haste, and focused on the flitting colors, which turned out to be a load of glossy new sedans on an 18-wheeler barreling east along the interstate.